Trial and Hair-or free essay sample

At 7 years old I had my heart set on becoming a hairdresser. Like many 7-year-old girls, I had experimented on the unfortunate plastic heads of Barbie dolls, streaking their platinum blond locks with food coloring and hacking off clumps with safety scissors. I thought myself quite the stylist. Looking back, I should have taken their perpetual bad hair days as a warning. 8th-grade year was the year I decided to put my stylistic flair to the test—on my own hair (my brother, who had seen the Barbie-hair carnage, would not let me come near the mop atop his head). Long and the color of black coffee, my hair offered almost endless opportunities. I decided, in a moment of utter brilliance, to dye it slightly redder. Unfortunately, my hair did not come out the auburn shade promised on the box. I had instead dyed my hair purple. The next day at school was torture. We will write a custom essay sample on Trial and Hair-or or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of the multitude of compliments I imagined I would receive from impressed classmates, I was bluntly informed that my burgundy hair was similar in hue to squashed beetles. Whispered rumors spread through hallways like an infectious disease, each one more ludicrous than the last. Girls turned up their noses at me, assuming I had done it for attention. Boys snickered about the unexpected color behind my back, wondering aloud who, exactly, I was trying to impress. Luckily, the dye was semi-permanent and washed out after three weeks. The memories of violet hair, however, still haunt me. I have since given up the dream of becoming a professional hairstylist. Despite the embarrassment, I reaped a valuable lesson from this experience: don’t shy away from risks, but leave the permanent changes to the professionals.

The eNotes Blog A Chemical Test-Drive Fun with Chem-ECars

A Chemical Test-Drive Fun with Chem-ECars Wilson, Math and Science intern, shares his experiences of creating a car from scratch and racing it in a statewide contest. Science nerds, prepare to freak out! The day finally came. After hours and hours of testing, we were finally ready to have our miniature car compete with those of 10 other California universities, including Stanford, UC Davis, UC Berkeley, and San Jose State, at the Chem-E (Chemical Engineering) Car competition hosted over the weekend at UC San Diego. The requirements were that this car should be relatively light, be powered by a chemical reaction of our choice, be able to have a time-dependent braking mechanism, and be able to carry a certain amount of weight (water) across a certain distance in under 2 minutes. Our â€Å"Bruin Car† ran off of an electric motor powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, which was supplied hydrogen using a chemical reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium. The braking mechanism was an iodine clock reaction that would interfere with the transmittance of light onto the photoresistor in our circuit; thus, when the solution turned completely dark, the photoresistor’s resistance would increase, causing the current to drop and cut off the source of electricity to our electric motor. The length of the magnesium would be our primary determining factor of how far the Bruin Car travels, so for 4 hours a week and for 10 weeks (in addition to perfecting the iodine clock reaction) we would perform test runs on varying lengths of magnesium to acquire data for the day of the competition, as the distance that the judges would want our car to travel was unknown to us until the day of. The trip there was very exciting; a good break from all the stress in the average college student’s life. The drive from UCLA to UC San Diego took roughly two hours, but it went by extremely quick. We were all having such a good time talking and goofing around in the van that time just flew by. (We also decided to stop by Phil’s BBQ in San Diego for a quick lunch break. If you ever get the chance, try it out! Their food is amazing!) We arrived at the engineering schools of UCSD at around 3:00PM. The first thing we noticed was that their engineering buildings are so much nicer than ours. The engineering building at UCLA seems to be one of the older buildings on campus that needed serious reconstruction while those at UCSD appeared to be the nicest buildings on campus. We were most amazed with one particular artistic object they had known as the, â€Å"Fallen Star.† It is a small house positioned off the ledge of one of their engineering buildings. This was quite an incredible sight. The rest of the day consisted of checking in, registering our Bruin Car, participating in the poster competition (where other engineers and students would be able to read about the design and mechanism of your car), preparing all the chemicals that were needed for the competition the next day, and playing beach football. Then we all went out for a late-night meal before checking in at a Howard Johnson hotel a few miles off of campus. We all woke up the next morning after 4 hours of sleep to try out the dining hall food of UCSD and see how it compared with those of our own. Although the variety was definitely different and provided a fresh perspective, the taste exceeds that at UCLA’s dining halls. Judgment day was finally here. The judges had decided to hold the competition right outside one of the engineering buildings, where there was a pretty steep, downward slope. The finish line was 50 feet away from the starting point. To test both the acceleration and deceleration of the car, we would have to try to get the car to stop as close to the finish line as possible in the shortest amount of time. Another example of a Chem-E car, from the University of Florida Due to the limited space and the amount of competitors there were, the schools were divided into groups of three. When it started, the cheers from each school, in support of their car, were deafening. Out of the first group that went, only Cal Poly Pamona did very well. They were within 3 feet of the finish line, while the others had trouble just getting started or managing to stop at the finish line. The next group went with the same success rate as the first; only one car was able to successfully get close to the finish line. Finally, our group was up. The UCLA 8-clap cheer rang out. A 25cm-strand magnesium was dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The circuit was turned on and†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ our car blew 10 feet past the finish line. We had no idea that the slope had that much effect on our momentum. It also didn’t help that our wheels lacked sufficient traction. Fortunately, each car is allowed two attempts. Unfortunately though, we had no data on how far a strand of magnesium shorter than 20cm would take us, and we definitely needed something shorter if we wanted the car to stop near the finish line. We were basically shooting in the dark after that. We decided to try 18cm. The magnesium was dropped. The 8-clap began again. We all crossed our fingers and watched as the car strolled about 8 feet past the finish line. Unfortunately, we didn’t place. Cal Poly Pamona got 1st. San Jose State got 2nd. UC Berkeley got 3rd. Although we were all a tad disappointed, overall this was a very good and fun experience. We got to see the beautiful engineering buildings at UCSD. We got to try the delicious food at Phil’s BBQ. We networked with the students at other schools. We bonded with one another in the van and at the beach. It was definitely a weekend well spent. Now, we are back in the lab, preparing for next year because this time, we will be much better prepared. We will be claiming first. Let’s go Bruins!

About an American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About an American History - Assignment Example (Zinn) During 19th century, the role of women were also being redefined under the religious code wherein women were required to be pious and has a separate and defined role in the family. Sexual purity of women was considered as important and it was believed that men by virtue of their biological nature can sin however; women were not considered as prone to sin and were dealt very strictly under the new religious interpretation regarding the role of women. The prevailing vision was that the women should be limited to the home, marriage and mother hood and women were mostly limited to the nursing and teaching as their chosen profession. (Tindall and Shi) Women were able to cope with the new realities in different manner and by developing close family bondage with other family members. Women were also involved in relatively higher disorderly acts as compared to men especially in slavery conditions. Harriet Tubman was one woman who was able to not only gain freedom but was also successful in helping other women to get free and was active in the Underground Railroad. (Johnson) The westward movement of whites during 19th century witnessed a series of clashes as well as reconciliation efforts with the Indians. This expansion was achieved through extensive support from the government and the role of Jefferson remained important as he continued to force the expansion of whites in areas such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and other parts of the country. (Zinn) The Westward expansion was also the result of the devastation caused by the war as well as the advancements in the agriculture. The civil war reconstruction coupled with greed and passion for profits further resulted into the westward expansion and systematic extinction of Indians in the West of the country. (Johnson). Due to the geographic nature of the area around the Mississippi river, the area presented a more profitable opportunity for merchants to engage into the

Isadora Duncan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Isadora Duncan - Research Paper Example Even St. Denis and Shawn were under the influence of Isadora in the use of Greek themes and symphonic music. They recognized that they tried to synchronize orchestra and chorus because Isadora did not try to do that. If she was not born on May 26, 1878, in San- Francisco, but somewhere in ancient Hellas, the priests would probably perceive her gift as an earthly incarnation of the muse Terpsichore. Live she not in agitated Europe at the beginning of the bloody XX century, today’s feminists would probably make her their tribune and role model. She was a real enigma. All her biographers were perplexed by a huge amount of mystical details, concentration of which in a life of a fictional literary protagonist could be the cause for critics to accuse a writer of propaganda of fatalism and artificiality of the plot. Are you the empty vessel or a fire flickering in the vessel? It was not said about her, but once a bright spark of divine fire illuminated her way in art, making famous A merican Isadora Duncan from a beginning ballerina. The fire that lit her way consumed her one day. On that day in May, when Isadora Angela Duncan was born, the mother of the future European star suffered two disappointments: the first sounds she heard recovering from childbirth were vehement cries of depositors of her husband’ bank. Joseph ran away with their savings God knows where. The first thing that the unhappy woman saw was her newborn daughter threshing air almost convulsively. â€Å"I knew that a monster is born, - she said to a midwife. The child can not be normal, she jumped and hopped in my womb and all this is the punishment for the sins of her villain father Joseph ...† She did not see dancing future and destiny in the first movements of the baby. However, despite the complete absence of the gift of foresight, she was able to bring up her daughter and three older children without any help of their phony dad and even gave them good education. Those efforts were not appreciated by little Isadora: being 13 years old, she left school and got addicted to music and dancing. Her first attempt to conquer Chicago ended with a complete failure, except for the first whirlwind romance with a fiery redhead seducer - Ivan Miroski, who burned her soul to such an extent that Isadora preferred to run away from the bitter happiness to Europe in a hold for transportation of livestock. Her perspective was uncertain. On the other side of the Channel her main rival, Mata Hari, was at the zenith of fame at that time. She has already found her creed in dance, undressing in front of the audience, mesmerizing it with Eastern pa. She was lucky enough to find a patroness in the person of the famous actress Campbell. Isadora spread her passion defending the idea that a dance should be a symbol of freedom, progress of natural grace, language of emotion, not a set of rehearsed gestures. Campbell, the queen of London salons, arranged her protege’s debut at a private reception, where presented her as an â€Å"exotic hors-d'oeuvre.† And that was the right decision - bold Isadora, dancing barefoot in a tunic, instead of a pack, copying much of ancient Greek plastic, saw delight in spectators’

Ip3 training and development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ip3 training and development - Research Paper Example Here we can see the four level of evaluation which is reaction, learning, behaviour and results let us look at it one by one. Reaction – At this level, the trainee’s reaction to the training given is analysed. Reaction is important as it gives an insight on how the training was received by the audience. For example, the trainees look content and asking questions means they are receiving information in a better way. As per (GSA, 2014) â€Å"Although participant reactions to training are clearly not the sole indicator of its effectiveness, it is possible that their reactions represent one variable that is part of the larger homological network of variables that influence training effectiveness†. Learning – Here the measure of knowledge gained by the trainee is assessed. How much their knowledge increased can be done with the help of learning objective prepared in advance. For example it can be assessed with the help of questionnaire and role play. As per (Solar, 2013) â€Å"The third level of evaluation answers the question – are they applying what they learned†. Behaviour - Here the change in the behaviour of the trainee due to the training is looked in to. For example, the job of the employees can be observed after the training session as a follow – up measure. Government of South Australia (2014). Good for your business. In http://www.skills.sa.gov.au. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from

Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

Theory of Planned Behavior Approach INFLUENCING FACTORS OF  ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN STUDENTS Abstract Using the Theory of Planned Behavior approach, this study aimed to examine the structural equation model (SEM) of factors that cause the formation of entrepreneurial intention in college students. In addition, this study also provides an illustration of what the underlying factors correlated with the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in male students and the underlying factors correlated with the formation of entrepreneurial intention in female students, given the sex role is correlated to parenting style. Research data collection methods were questionnaire and scale of Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self-Efficacy. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation model (SEM), is used to analyze the correlations between the factors that cause the entrepreneurial intention in male and female students. From the results of model testing on both male and female students, it can be concluded that this research model meets the goodness of fit structural equation. From S EM it can be concluded also that the factor of self-efficacy is the main influencing factor of entrepreneurial intention of both male and female students. In addition to self-efficacy, in male students, another influencing factor of entrepreneurial intention is Personal Attraction, while in female students is subjective-norm. Key word: Entrepreneurial intention, Theory of Planned Behavior, Personal Attraction, Subjective-norm, Self-Efficacy, SEM INTRODUCTION The number of unemployed in Indonesia in February 2010 reached 8.59 million people or 7.41 percent of the total workforce. Although in general Unemployment rate (TPT) is likely to decline, which in August 2009 at 7.87 percent and in February 2009 at 8.14 percent, but the TPT for Diploma and Bachelor Degree levels were increased, 2.05 percent and 1.16 respectively (BPS, 2012). In this case, it has become the focus of the government to provide new jobs, but Yudhoyono as president of Indonesia asked the public to foster an entrepreneurial spirit as one of the labor-absorbing sectors. Be entrepreneurs who created the product market, and new business he said (Kompas, 2011). In developing the entrepreneurial spirit, a question that often comes to policy makers is: What makes some people more entrepreneurial than others? (Licht, 2007). In this case Baron (2004) argues that cognitive understanding of the individual in personal decision-making is important. Therefore, in the theory of designed behavior is exploited in entrepreneurship ever since the 1990s, and it has facilitated a new approach to the intention conception. In line with the popularity of designed theory of entrepreneurship, a visible increase of in the field of entrepreneurship education and training has also taken place in recent years. Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) has been defined as, one of the most common psychological theories used to explain and predict human behavior, Including entrepreneurship (Kolvereid, 1996). Entrepreneurship scholars argue Generally That entrepreneurial behavior is intentional and so best predicted by the measure of intentions of an individual (Bird, 1988). Ajze n (1991) defines intentions as Indications of how hard individuals are willing to try, of how much of an effort to exert They are planning, to perform the behavior. The Stronger the intention to engage in a behavior, the more Likely should be its actual performance. This study follows the cognitive approach, through the application of an Entrepreneurial Intention model. A number of works are being published Lately about this issue. However, a lot of research is still needed to better comprehend the which the factors affecting entrepreneurial Perceptions (and, through them, intention) are. In particular, our knowledge is specially limited in a specific areas. Cross-cultural studies are needed so That the effect of different cultures and values on the entrepreneurial intention is increasingly Understood. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta Indonesia, where the nuances of culture in this city is very thick. With influenced by the culture in which one lives, the parenting style will color the way to teach the children that men and women to behave and act towards the tendency to be an entrepreneur or not. The main purpose of this paper isclearly in line with those needs. First, we try to test the adequacy of the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on male and female students who became the subject of this study. And, secondly, we also try to know what factors are most influential in predicting entrepreneurial intentions of university students both male and female. These results will hopefully shed some light on a number of issues. It will serve as a confirmation of the applicability of this cognitive model to the entrepreneurial decision. In this case, our sample comes from kota yang mungkin berbeda cultural and social structure dibandingkan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu. Perbedaan pada mahasiswa pria dan wanita juga dilihat faktor antesedent yang membentuk intensi kewirausahaannya. It will also contribute to clarify the specific pattern of relationships among the antecedents of intention. Finally, relevant implications for educators and policy-makers could be derived. ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION MODEL       From the perspective express by Krueger et al (2000) explain that since the decision to become an entrepreneur may be plausibly considered as voluntary and conscious, it seems reasonable to analyze how that decision is taken. Entrepreneurship may be viewed as a process that occurs over time (Gartner et al., 1994). In this sense, entrepreneurial intentions would be the first step in the evolving and -sometimes- long-term process of venture creation (Lee and Wong, 2004). The intention to start up, then, would be a previous and determinant element towards performing entrepreneurial behaviors (Kolvereid, 1996). In addition, intentions toward a behavior would be the single best predictor of that behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975, Ajzen, 1991, 2001). In turn, the intention of carrying out a given behavior may be affected by several factors, such as needs, values, wants, habits, and beliefs (Bird, 1988; Lee and Wong, 2004). In particular, Ajzen (1991) calls antecedents the set of cognitive variables that would exert their influence on intention (personal attitude towards the behavior, perceived social norms, and perceived behavioral control). More favorable antecedents would make more feasible the intention of carrying that behavior out, and the other way round (Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n, 2004). Obviously, situational factors also influence entrepreneurial intentions (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994). Variables such as time constraints, task difficulty, and the influence of other people through social pressure could be examples of these situational factors (Lee and Wong, 2004). Therefore, exogenous factors also influence ones attitudes toward entrepreneurship (Krueger, 1993). From the previous researches on entrepreneurial intention, there are some differences in their results. Indarti and Rosiani (2008) states that self-efficacy proved to affect the intentions of entrepreneurship in students, while Wijaya (2008) and Segal, et al. (2005), states that self-efficacy is not proven to affect entrepreneurial intentions. In the study of Alstete (2002) concluded that the external environment such as unemployment, frustration with previous employment and the need to get a decent life, effect on entrepreneurial intentions, but the study of Ismail (2009) and Zain et al. (2010) environmental factors was not proven to emerge entrepreneurial intention. Because of the inconsistencies of those entrepreneurial intentions studies, so it is still relevant to post the question of what exactly the factors influencing a persons entrepreneurial intention. Does Attitude towards the behavior (Personal Attraction), subjective norm (subjective norm), and self-efficacy (self-efficacy) have an influence on the entrepreneurial intention of students, as well as whether environmental differences demographics (sex, gender, age, and family background) distinguish level of entrepreneurial intention of students. Because it is becoming very important for a person when they want to choose a career path of his life (Ajzen, 2001; Kolvereid, 1996). Intention becomes the fundamental element towards explaining behavior. It indicates the effort that the person will make to carry out that entrepreneurial behavior (Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n, 2004). And so, it captures the three motivational factors that influence behavior (Ajzen, 1991): (1) Attitude towards the behavior (Perso nal Attraction, PA) refers to the degree to which the individual holds a positive or negative personal valuation about being an entrepreneur (Ajzen, 2002, Kolvereid, 1996). It would include not only affective (I like it, it makes me feel good, it is pleasant), but also evaluative considerations (it is more profitable, has more advantages). (2) Perceived Social Norms or Subjective Norm (SN) would measure the perceived social pressure to carry out -or not to carry out- that entrepreneurial behavior. In particular, it would refer to the perception that reference people would approve of the decision to become an entrepreneur, or not (Ajzen, 2001). (3) Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) would be defined as the perception of the easiness or difficulty in the fulfillment of the behavior of interest (becoming an entrepreneur). It is, therefore, a concept quite similar to perceived self-efficacy (SE) (Bandura, 1997). In the same way, it is also very similar to Shapero and Sokols (1982) visio n about perceived feasibility. In all three instances, the important thing is the sense of capacity regarding the fulfillment of firm creation behaviors. Nevertheless, recent work has emphasized the difference between PBC and self-efficacy (Ajzen, 2002). PBC would include not only the feeling of being able, but also the perception about behavior controllability. That is, the extent to which performing it or not is up to the person. On the other hand, as mentioned above, situational or demographic factors have an influence on intentions (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994; Lee and Wong, 2004). In particular, a greater knowledge of different entrepreneurial aspects will surely contribute to more realistic perceptions about the entrepreneurial activity (Ajzen, 2002), thus influencing intentions indirectly, but due to the limitations of this study, the gender factor which will be considered as a demographic factor that affecting another three antecedent factors of entrepreneurial intentions. In Figure 1, therefore, we summarize the model we will be using as a starting point for our analysis. Apart from the explicit inclusion of external variables, this Figure 1 is quite similar to the Theory of Planned Behavior described by Ajzen (1991), and used by Kolvereid (1996), and Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n (2004). One particularity, however, is that we have specifically hypothesized what the pattern of relationships among the so-called antecedents of intention is. Social norms are assumed to influence both personal attraction and self-efficacy perceptions (Kennedy, et. al., 2003). However, due to demographic variable is nominal data, the effect of sex on the entrepreneurial intention model is analyzed by comparing the baseline model of entrepreneurial intention model on a sample of male, female sample and total sample of male and female. METHODS Entrepreneurial intention has been measured through a scale with 7 alternatives of answer. These are general sentences indicating different aspects of intention. A similar system has already been used by Zhao et al., (in Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n Chen, 2006 ). However, Armitage and Conner (2001) identified three distinct kinds of intention measures: desire (I want to ), self-prediction (How likely it is ) and behavioral intention (I intend to ). The Entrepreneurial Intention scale was modified from the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionare (EIQ) from Linan Chen (2006). Aspects of this scale are (1) the purpose ofhis life to be an entrepreneur (2) preparing yourself to become an entrepreneur, (3) strong-willed to try to become an entrepreneur, and (4) seriously consider setting up a business. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.84. Personal attraction has also been measured through an aggregate attitude scale. This scale was modified from the scale of Linan Chen (2006) and Kennedy, at. al. (2003). This scale has the aspect (1) interest in entrepreneurship compare to other job areas, (2) belief in the success of a career in entrepreneurship, (3) gain confidence, including higher salaries, when becomes an entrepreneur, and (5) to be enthusiastic and have satisfaction when becomes an entrepreneur. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.77. Subjective norms, or Perceived social valuation, according to Ajzen (1991), should be approached through an aggregate measure of the kind what do important others think? Subjective norm refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform that behavior. It is based on beliefs concerning whether important referent individuals or groups approve or disapprove of an individual establishing a business, and to what extent this approval or disapproval matters to the individual. Generally speaking, the more the opinion of a particular referent group or individual matters to the individual and the more encouraging the individual thinks it is of enterprising activity, the stronger should be the individuals intention to start a business. This scale refers to the aspects raised by Linan Chen (2006) which reveal aspects of how large the opinions of people who are considered important by the subject (the opinions of family, friends, and the closest people) about the work as an ent repreneur. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.80. Self-efficacy scalerates their level of agreement withseveral general statements about the feeling of capacity regarding firm creation. In a recent work, Ajzen (2002) considers that perceived behavioral control is a concept somewhat wider than self-efficacy. It would also include a measure of controllability (the extent to which successfully performing the behavior is up to the person). Four aspects of this scale are (1) believe that can start forming a new company, (2) believe that can run entrepreneurial ventures relatively smoothly, (3) understand the things what to do when running a project, (4) believe that the entrepreneurial ventures established will be successful. The Cronbach alpha reliability for this scale was 0.79. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The entrepreneurial intention model to be tested has been presented in Figure 1. Structural equation modeling was used to test its empirical validity. Diperoleh hasil goodness of fit dari ketiga baseline model yang ada (lihat table 1). We estimated the models using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation procedure of AMOS 5. Table 1: Multiple goodnesss of fit measures of the baseline model Model X ² X ²/DF CFI RMSEA NFI GFI Male 2.523 2.523 .953 .076 .852 .962 Female 2.495 2.495 .956 .075 .856 .982 Male Female 1.741 1.741 .970 .052 .774 .950 We start with some important global goodness of fit. According to Ghozali (2008), a reference to indicators of Goodness of Fit test can be viewed with at least 6 criteria. (1) A first measure is the chi-square value. Fundamental test equipment to measure the overall fit is the likelihood ratio chi square statistic. The model considered good if it has a chi square = 0, which means there is no difference. The recommended level of acceptance is significant if p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.05, which means the actual input matrix with that, predicted input matrices were not statistically different, (2) We report the normalized chi-square, where it is adjusted by the degree of freedom (df) to evaluate model fit (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²/df). The normalized chi-square should be less than 2.0 or 3.0 for models with adequate fit. (3) The next measure to report is Bentlers comparative fit index (CFI). This index is based on a comparison of the hypothesized model against the independence model as baseline mo del. The range of the CFI is form 0 to 1. A value > 0.9 is considered representative of a good-fit model (Byrne, 2001). (4) The next measure is the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation). RMSEA values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹indicate goodness of fit is expected when the model is estimated in the population. RMSEA value of less than or equal to 0.08 is an index to the receipt of the models show a close fit of the model was based degree of freedom. RMSEA is an index of measurement is not influenced by the size of the sample so that the index is typically used to measure the fit of the model on the number of samples, (5) The Normed Fit Index (NFI) compares minimum fit function value of the actual model with the baseline model (worst fitted Independence Model). NFI values range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating better fit. Values greater than .90 are typically interpreted as indicating a good fit. (6) GFI (Go odness of Fit Index) used to calculate the weighted proportion of the variance in the sample covariance matrix that described by the estimated population covariance matrix. This index reflects the overall level of fitness model that calculated from the residual quadratic model predicted that compared with the actual data. Goodness of Fit Index value is usually from 0 to 1. Better value close to 1 indicates the model we tested has a good fitness value is said to be good GFI à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.90. Table 1 shows some Important Multiple goodnesss of fit baseline measures of our three models, while the three baseline for the SEM images can be seen in figure 2. From the study it can be concluded that the male-female baseline model, PA (Personal Attraction), SN (Subjective Norm), and SE (Self-Efficacy) otherwise affect the entrepreneurial intention. This is supported by the results of multiple measurements of the three baseline regression model coefficients obtained results of multiple regression .604 (male baseline model), .643 (female baseline model), .584 (male-female baseline model). In each of the baseline model (male, female, and male-female), the variable PA, SN, and SE simultaneously accounted for 36.5%, 41.4%, and 34.1% in predicting entrepreneurial intention (see Table 2). Table 2: Multiple regression measures of the baseline model Baseline Model R R Square F Sig Male .604a .365 74.624 .000a Female .643a .414 43.739 .000a Male Female .584a .341 34.511 .000a a. Predictors: (Constant), Self-Efficacy, Subjective Norm, Personal Attraction; Dependent Variable: Enterpreneurial Intention Pengaruh masing masing variabel exogenousterhadap endogenouspada setiap baseline model dapat dilihat pada tabel 3. Secara keseluruhan sampel penelitian (male-female baseline model) dapat disimpulkan konsisten dengan Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) bahwa ke tiga antecedent (PA, SN, dan SE) berpengaruh terhadap tinggi-rendahnya entrepreneurial intention seorang mahasiswa, dan dari ketiga faktor yang mempengaruhi entrepreneurial intention tersebut, prediktor Self-Efficacy yang paling kuat mempengaruhi Entrepreneurial intention (lihat figure 2, dan table 3).Penelitian terdahulu shows a main effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial output including entrepreneurial intention, disimpulkan oleh Krueger and Brazeal 1994; Zhao, Seibert and Hills 2005. Hal serupa juga dapat ditunjukkan pada hasil penelitian Ramayah Harun, 2005; Zhao et al, 2005, yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif antara efikasi diri dan intensiberwirausaha. Influence of each exogenous to endogenous variables on each baseline model can be seen in Table 3. Overall the study sample (male-female baseline model) can be inferred is consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) that the three antecedent (PA, SN, and SE) high-low effect on entrepreneurial intention of a student, and from the three influencing factorsof entrepreneurial intention, the predictors of Self-Efficacy has the most powerful influence to Entrepreneurial intention (see figure 2 and table 3). Previous research showed a main effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial output Including entrepreneurial intention, inferred by Krueger and Brazeal 1994; Zhao, Seibert and Hills, 2005. The same can be shown in the results of the study Ramayah Aaron, 2005; Zhao et al, 2005, which showed a positive relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Personal Attraction is an important predictor, in addition to self-efficacy, in predicting the level of entrepreneurial intention in the group of male, while in the group of women Subjective Norm functions become very central in addition to Self Efficacy (see figure 2 and table 3). Table 3: Koefisien regresi antar variabel PA, SN, SE, EI of the baseline model Baseline Model Relationship Male Female Male Female SE -.078 .354** .101 PA -.003 .118 .029 EI .107 .254** .181** EI .316** .262** .301** EI .213** .093 .171** PA: Personal Attraction; SN: Subjective Norm; SE: Self-Efficacy; EI: Entrepreneurial Intention *: p This is probably due to the group of male students (men) tend to not pay attention to the opinions of those around him. They look more independent in decision-making to determine his career. Women may be due to upbringing as a child accustomed to a more gender roles into consideration the environment surrounding their career life, so thattheir entrepreneurial intentions was affected by it. In Indonesia the research that states that the position of women becomes a disadvantage in Small and Medium Enterprises which are caused by the culture, so they face the double burden and are rarely involved in decision-making process (Asian Development Bank-GFA-Swiss Contact Management, 2000 in Mahastanti Nugrahanti, 2010). Its just interesting it was found that among men and women did not differ in terms of intentions kewirausaannya, although in the case of Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self Efficacy gained significant difference. Group of male students showed Personal Attraction and Self-Efficacy higher than in women. However, groups of women showed higher levels of Subjective Normsthan those in group of men (see table 4). Table 4: Male Female t-test value and mean for each variable Variables Group Mean t-test Sig Entrepreneurial Intention Male 81.20 .716 .398 Female 80.45 Personal Attraction Male 43.77 8.362 .004 Female 40.88 Subjective Norm Male 42.81 35.393 .000 Female 49.81 Self-Efficacy Male 57.83 18.730 .000 Female 52.58 Papalia, Olds Feldman (2001) with social psychological approach to explaining why the men and women of any difference of behavior patterns and psychological state that is due to the existence of gender defferences. Papalia et al. (2001) explains that gender defferences obtained of how the pattern of care received from the small children of men and women differently, they are educated with parenting interests, attitudes, and behaviors are different. As a result, through the gender typing, character / trait and skill of its men and women will be different too, because they adopt the traits, attitudes, and behaviors which are culturally inappropriate for him. In the study Ahmed, Aamir and Ijaz (2011), theirfindings of the study suggest that economic factors have a weak and insignificant impact on the entrepreneurial intentions of students, while structural factors have significant and weak relationship with entrepreneurial intentions. Social factors are the factors That have modest but significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions of university students. It can be inferred That like social support, support from family, colleagues, friends, public etc. has direct and Important influence on the entrepreneurial career preferences of students. So Wang and Wong (2004) have found gender and education level as significant factors in Explaining entrepreneurial intentions. Only Research Rani Kundu (2007) which examines gender issues related to the level of confidence and job performance found that there are differences between men and women in terms of confidence levels, but no difference in job performance. Even from the research of Ali Davies (2003) concluded that there are differences in job performance between men and women, more women have higher job performance than men. This also might be able to answer this research results dynamics which concluded that there was no difference between entrepreneurial intention in male and female students. CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTIONS Overall the structural conceptual model is designed based on goodness of fit of the three have met the eligibility baseline model (fit), so it can be interpreted in accordance with empirical conditions a graduate student. Theoretical research model is an adaptation of the concept of theory of planned behavior. Appropriate research model, Personal Attraction, Subjective Norm, and Self-Efficacy, positive influence on Entrepreneurial Intention. Of the three antecedent variables, Self Efficacy variables that most impact. Specific results acquired in the male student group, Subjective Norm did not significantly affect the Entrepreneurial Intention, whereas in the group of female college students personal atraction not significantly influence entrepreneurial intention. Based on research, in practice it can be suggested that efforts need to be done to improve ones Self-Efficacy for increased ones entrepreneurial intention. This can be done by increasing knowledge and skills so that students become more confident and willing to take risks that can be calculated solution. For future studies are expected to include more demographic variables, such as parental background, education, education level, in order to conduct counseling for male and female students become more focused. Bibliography   Ã‚   Ahmed, I., Aamir, M, Ijaz, H. A. (2011) External factors and entrepreneurial career intentions: moderating role of personality traits. Internaional Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 5. September. 262 267. Ajzen, I. (1985),Fromintentionstoactions:aTheory ofPlannedBehavior,inKuhl,J.andBeck ­ mann,J.(Eds),ActionControl:FromCognitiontoBehavior,SpringerVerlag,New York, NY, pp. 11 ­39. Ajzen, I. (1991): The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. Ajzen, I. (2001): Nature and operation of attitudes, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58. Ajzen, I. (2002): Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1-20. Ali, H. Davies, D. R., (2003) The Effect of Age, Sex, and Tenure on The Job Performance of Rubber Tappers, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, Vol.23. Armitage, C.J. and Conner, M. (2001): Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review, British Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (4), 471-499. Badan Pusat Statistik (2012), Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Februari 2010. www.bps.go.id diakses 5 Januari 2012 Bandura, A. (1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York: Freeman. Baron, R.A. (2004): The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurships basic why questions, Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221-239. Biehl, B. (2008)The performance of women and men in organisations: a theatre studies approach, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 23 No.

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy ABSTRACT: Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, which results in barrenness and ignorance of real human problems. The thought of C. S. Peirce is proposed as a fruitful way of renewing the analytic tradition and obviating these criticisms. While this paper is largely a reflection on Hilary Putnam’s study of the historical development of analytic philosophy, not only can some of its main roots be traced back to Peirce, but also the recent resurgence of pragmatism can be regarded as a pragmatist renovation of the analytic tradition. Further, Peirce’s thought offers suggestions for tackling some of the most stubborn problems in contemporary philosophy, thereby enabling us to shoulder once more the philosophical responsibility which has been abdicated by much of twentieth-century philosophy. The most accurate understanding of Peirce is to see him as a traditional and systematic phil osopher, but one dealing with the modern problems of science truth, and knowledge from a valuable personal experience as a logician and an experimental researcher in the bosom of an interdisciplinary community of scientists and thinkers. "Most people have never heard of him, but they will" W. Percy, "The Divided Creature", 80 Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, resulting in barrenness and ignorance of real human problems. It is not only the genius loci, nor the echoes of his Sesquicentennial Congress held here in Boston in September, 1989, but within the solemn framework of a World Congress of Philosophy on t... ...s, Cambridge, MA, 1990. H. Putnam, "A Half Century of Philosophy, Viewed From Within", Daedalus 126 (1997), 175-208. R. Rorty, "Pragmatism, Categories, and Language", Philosophical Review 70 (1961), 197-223. R. Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays: 1972-1980), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1982. R. Rorty, "Pragmatism as Anti-Representationalism", in J. P. Murphy, Pragmatism from Peirce to Davidson, Westview, Boulder, CO, 1990, 1-6. B. Russell, Wisdom of the West, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959. L. Santaella-Braga, "Difficulties and Strategies in Applying Peirce’s Semiotics", Semiotica 97 (1993), 401-410. W. Spohn, "Editorial Note", Erkenntnis 33 (1990) 1-4. L. Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, G. H. von Wright, ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1980. G. H. von Wright, The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Brill, Leiden, 1993.

Cjus 230 Final Paper

The Effects of Family Structure and Values on Juvenile Delinquency Christina M. Bracey 201240 Fall 2012 CJUS 230-B02 LUO Professor DeBoer Liberty University Online October 12, 2012 Abstract The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today. Society needs to recognize problems within the home before trying to find solutions to problems for todays at risk youth in America. Major structural changes inside of the home could adversely affect the raising of juveniles leading to delinquency.Some of the issues I will discuss in my paper are divorce, child abuse, mothers working outside of the home, and single-parent homes. Ineffectively raising a child can cause low self-control and low self-esteem while increasing the risks of delinquency as well. I will argue that with proper supervision, counseling, and monitoring of the behavior of the juvenile, it is possible that society can help eliminate some of the crimes committed by juvenile delinquents. Thesis The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today IntroductionFamily Structure has changed noticeably in the United States over the past several decades. It refers to various family characteristics that affect relationships and how families function. These characteristics include family size, family disruption, and birth order. High rates of divorce, single-parent housing, the spreading of non-parent families and step-families, and the propagation of cohabitation now delineate in American family life. Changes in family structure can be devastating to a child’s well-being, and have the potential to contribute to juvenile delinquency.The Family and Delinquency Widespread agreement among social scientists and the general public lead experts to believe that family plays a key role in child development and socialization. There are two sides however to families; the first being a place w here members love, care and provide for one another promoting healthy human growth. The second side reveals conflict, a lack of support, and violence. Families are extremely influenced by the political and economic context within which they operate (Elrod & Ryder, 1999, p. 53).A family’s place within the political and economic structure is important because such placement determines the family’s admittance to connections with other institutions. These institutions can consist of school, work, church and voluntary associations. Also, such institutions can be useful resources for the family and can promote access to other resources. The family not only determines the economic status within which the juveniles live, but is also the primary molder of a child’s personality, values, and behavior (Elrod & Ryder, 1999, p. 54).A variety of criminological theories assume that family plays a significant role in the prevention of delinquent behavior (Elrod & Ryder, 1999, p. 54). Family Size and Delinquency Larger families tend to produce more juvenile delinquents than smaller families. Being a middle child is also more predictive of delinquency than being either the youngest or eldest (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 283). One common explanation for this issue is a straining of resources in larger families and the inability to provide appropriate parental supervision.Green & Gabbidon (2009) suggest that middle children are more likely to be present during the times of strain; older children leave the home first and younger children remain when there is not as much demand for parental resources (p. 283). Exposure to Violence, Abuse, or Neglect Most studies find links between exposure to violence or abuse and later possibly offending (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 282). Exposure to marital violence during childhood has been notably associated with committing marital violence as an adult. An estimated 30% of abused parents abuse their children—a rate of 1 5 times higher than non-abused parents† (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 282). Women that were physically abused during childhood are more likely to experience domestic violence as adults. Abused mothers that did not abuse their children tend to have had a non-abusive adult in their childhood or had a stable relationship pattern as an adult. Children that were sexually abused are more likely to succumb to delinquency, suicidal ideation, and prostitution (Green & Gabbidon, 1999, p. 82). Exposure to Poverty Poverty has been linked to crime for many years. Approximately 18% of children under the age of 18 live in poverty (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 283). Juveniles that grow up poor have a number of negative life outcomes, including delinquency. The impact of socioeconomic status suggests that economic strain plays an important role likely because increased stress decreases effective parenting, a situation that leads to delinquency in children (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 283). Impact o f Community on Juvenile DelinquencyResearch throughout neighborhoods has produced significant results on determining the impact of a community on juvenile (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 283). Collective socialization has a beneficial impact on the rate of delinquency among these youth. An extensive study of African American families showed that children who lived in a community high in collective socialization were less likely to associate with delinquent peers even when controlling for other important factors (Green & Gabbidon, 2009, p. 283). Theoretical Reasoning to Understanding Delinquent BehaviorThere are many theories that focus on families being the central reasoning behind juvenile crimes. Generally, families are considered to be the primary factors in socialization. The impact of family in juvenile delinquency has been theorized and investigated for many decades being that crime commonly runs in families. Parental criminality is one of the most vigorous and most consistent con jectures of a child's delinquency (Greene ; Gabbidon, 2009, p. 281). Biological Theory â€Å"The so-called traditional family, with a male breadwinner and a female who cares for the home, is a thing of the past† (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 94). This particular type of family structure can no longer be considered normal. Sex role changes have created a family in which the mother now plays a greater role in society and the economic process. The number of households that have children living with both parents has substantially declined. â€Å"Early social science researchers asserted that the â€Å"broken home† was the single most important factor in understanding delinquency† (Burfeind ; Bartusch, 2011, p. 185). Less than half of the children born today will live continuously with their mother and father throughout their childhood.A disturbed home environment is believed to have a significant impact on delinquency. Family is the contributing unit towards chi ldren’s values and attitudes that mark the paths throughout their lives. According to Seigel, Welsh, and Senna (2003), children who have witnessed a family breakup are more likely to exhibit behavioral problems and hyperactivity than those of intact families (p. 196). Often times, family disruptions are correlated with hostility, conflict, and attachment. Children whose parents divorced are thought to have less supervision and a greater risk of falling for peer pressure.Past research examined the effect of family structure on delinquency by comparing single-father, single-mother, two-biological-parent families, and stepfamilies (Burfeind ; Bartusch, 2011, p. 185). The highest levels of delinquency were found in single-father families and the lowest levels being in two-biological-parent families, while single-mother families and stepfamilies were in the middle. â€Å"The absence of a parent was associated with lower levels of involvement, supervision, monitoring, and closenes s† (Burfeind ; Bartusch, 2011, p. 185).Parental absence undermines direct and indirect control leading to higher levels of delinquency among youth living in single-parent families as compared to two-parent families. Not all marriages end and divorce; some continue to live in an atmosphere of conflict (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 198). This conflict is known as intrafamily conflict and it common in many American families today. Studies have shown that children growing up in dysfunctional homes and witness disorder or violence, later display behavioral problems and emotional issues (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 98). Pre-existing family problems can cause delinquency; however, it may also claim that children who act out put a sizable amount of stress on a family. Psychological Explanations â€Å"Many scholars, policymakers, and laypersons have argued that there are individual differences in intelligence, personality, or other factors that not only separate delinquents f rom all other youths but that are, directly or indirectly, the causes of their delinquency† (Shoemaker, 2010, p. 61).The earliest attempts in isolating the psychological or mental conditions of delinquent behavior, was the development of the concepts of moral insanity. It has been proposed that delinquents and criminals that were deficient in basic moral skills inherited this condition (Shoemaker, 2010, p. 61). According to psychologists, many delinquents have poor home lives, destructive relationships with friends, neighbors, teachers, and others in authoritative positions (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 83). The relationships that these youth have with these individuals symbolize a disturbed personality structure.A youth’s personality is defined by negative and antisocial behavior characteristics, and since delinquent behavior occurs in every race, ethnic group, and socioeconomic group, psychologists believe it is a function of emotional and mental disturbances. Man y delinquents do not demonstrate notable psychological issues; however enough do give clinicians a strong influence on delinquency theory (Siegel, Walsh ; Senna, 2010, p. 84). Psychology is a diversified and complex discipline in which more than one psychological perspective exists.The three prominent psychological perspectives on delinquency are psychodynamic, the behavioral, and the cognitive (Siegel, Walsh, ; Senna, 2010, p. 84). The psychodynamic theory suggests that law violations are a product of an abnormal personality that formed early on in life. This personality controls human behavior choices. â€Å"The basis of the psychodynamic theory is the assumption that human behavior is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood† (Siegel, Walsh, ; Senna, 2010, p. 84). Behavioral psychologists believe that a person’s personality is learned through life experiences with others.Behavior is initially triggered by a stimulus or change in oneâ⠂¬â„¢s environment. If a certain behavior is rewarded by positive reactions, that behavior will continue and eventually be learned. The cognitive theory allows psychologists to focus on mental processes and the way people mentally represent the world around them including how they solve issues (Siegel, Walsh, ; Senna, 2010, p. 84). During the decision making process people engage in a series of cognitive thoughts. First, they encipher information so that it can be interpreted. Then they search for a response and decide what the most appropriate action is to take.Finally, they act on the decision that they made (Siegel, Walsh, ; Senna, 2010, p. 89). It is suggested that using this approach, juveniles will be better conditioned to make appropriate judgments. Social Disorganization Delinquency that is primarily the result of a breakdown of institutional controls is known as social disorganization. â€Å"The individuals who live in such situations are not necessarily themselves persona lly disoriented; instead, they are viewed as responding â€Å"naturally† to disorganized environmental conditions† (Shoemaker, 2010, p. 101).Social disorganization is associated with a lengthy list of collateral social problems, residential instability, ethnic/racial conflict, and family disruption (Siegel, Walsh, ; Senna, 2010, p. 110). Social Control Theories attempt to find factors that contribute to an individual becoming deviant. Hirschi’s Theory states, â€Å"Delinquent acts result when an individual’s bond to society is weakened or broken† (Whitehead ; Lab, 1999, p. 93). An underlying presumption is that behavior is controlled by the connections a person has to the conventional social order.Deviance is exposed when the level of control over an individual diminishes to where that person is free to choose prohibited activities. Hirschi explains four outlines of bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief (Whitehead ; Lab, 1999, p. 94 ). A bond is fundamentally a result of socialization that takes place during childhood. The first bond, attachment, is the failure to care about what others think about the individual’s behavior and views. The second bond, commitment, demonstrates the individual’s ability to work towards acceptable goals.The third bond, involvement, uses the individual’s energy and time in socially acceptable behaviors. The fourth bond, belief, opens doors for the individual for deviant and delinquent behavior. Later in Hirschi’s career, he proposed that single parenting may be just as effective as dual parenting (Leiber, Mack, ; Featherstone, 2008, p. 4). Hirschi’s Theory tried to explain why an individual is deviant and how they became the way they are. Poor socialization is the easiest explanation; however, the theory fails to prove how this happens. The relative impact of the four elements of bond is left unexplained.Drift Theory Episodic Deviance is another ar ea of concern. Youths tend to sway between delinquent and conventional behavior. Using the control theory, this drift between the two cannot be explained when an individual chooses to commit a deviance. Such drifts can only be explained by suggesting that the bond is strengthened and weakened easily and more often than none. According to Whitehead ; Lab, 1999, â€Å"A final concern is that the theory assumes all bonding is to conventional, nondeviant lifestyles† (p. 95). It is possible that the juvenile is being raised in a household with parents that are deviant.The theory suggests that a juvenile in such circumstances will be bonded to deviance. Labeling Theory The Labeling Theory is the view that formal and informal reactions to delinquency can influence the attitudes and behavior of delinquents (Shoemaker, 2010, p. 259). Frank Tannenbaum introduced â€Å"dramatization of evil,† in which he suggested that officially labeling someone as a delinquent can result in the person becoming the very thing that they are labeled (Shoemaker, 2010, p. 259). A basic presumption regarding the labeling theory is that initial acts of delinquency are caused by a wide variety of factors.The primary factor in the recurrence of delinquency is the fact of having been formally labeled as a delinquent (Shoemaker. 2010, p. 260). Reiterated acts of delinquency are influenced by formal labels because they eventually alter a person’s self-image to where the person begins to identify themselves as a delinquent and act accordingly. The view of labeling aspect is that a negative self-image follows the act of delinquency rather than preceding delinquency. The labeling approach is dependent on certain criteria in addition to the behavior itself.One does not have to be officially labeled a criminal or delinquent in order to label him/herself as such. Schools and Delinquency Another institution with has a profound impact on the lives of juveniles is school. School is an important institution because it provides juveniles with the academic skills to effectively participate in society (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 61). Other reasons that schools play such important roles in the lives of juveniles is it has become the primary socialization institution. It is there that children learn attitudes, values, and skills that are necessary for their future in economic and social life.Much of the interaction between parents and children revolves around school related issues (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 61). A number of factors can be related to school failure and delinquency. Students’ feelings of belonging, commitment, and attachment to school reveal these factors are related to school violence, vandalism, and delinquency (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 63). Studies have found that students that dislike their teachers are more likely to be involved in delinquency than those who feel an attachment to their teachers (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 63).Students that are less co mmitted to school and their teachers and who feel alienated are more likely to commit disruptive or delinquent behaviors in and out of school. Many students drop out of school and believe this is a solution to the problems they have faced in school. Dropping out of school has numerous negative consequences for the juvenile. They face less job prospects and many times experience difficulty meeting basic income needs to survive. Besides the economic effect of dropping out of school, there are also substantial psychological and social consequences (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 64).Usually, juveniles that drop out regret their decision and typically show evidence of not being satisfied with themselves and their environment. They also have lower occupational aspirations than those who graduate from school, and also have lower occupational aspirations for their children (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 64). â€Å"Compared with students who stay in school, those who drop out tend to be from low socioe conomic status groups, to be members of minority groups, and to come from homes with fewer study aids and where there are fewer opportunities for non-school-related learning† (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 4). Juveniles that drop out are also more likely to have come from single-parent households where the mother works, resulting in less parental supervision. Studies have uncovered that when juveniles drop out of school, their involvement in criminal activities tends to increase immediately (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 65). Race and Juvenile Delinquents According to Burfeind ; Bartusch (2011), â€Å"The relationship between race and involvement in delinquency is not entirely straightforward† (p. 81). Minorities are disproportionately represented in arrest statistics.African American juveniles are arrested for a disproportionate number of rapes, murders, robberies, and assaults, while white juveniles are disproportionately arrested for arsons (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 40). The racial gap in juvenile arrest rates has broadened during the past decade with African American youths experiencing a steady increase in arrest rates. â€Å"African Americans have suffered through a long history of discrimination, which has produced last emotional scars† (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 42). Racism is an element of daily life in the African American community.This factor alone undermines faith in political and social institutions and weakens confidence in the justice system. These acquired attitudes are supported by evidence, that in some jurisdictions, young African American males are treated more harshly than members of any other ethnic group. Differences in racial crime rates may also be tied to frustration over perceived racism, discrimination, and economic disparity (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 42). Gender and Delinquency Official arrest statistics point to males being significantly more criminal than females.However, the arrests of female deli nquents in recent years have been increasing faster than those for males. â€Å"Between 1990 and 2000, the number of arrests of male delinquents actually decreased by about 3 percent, whereas the number of female delinquents arrested increased about 25 percent† (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 40). Age and Delinquency As juvenile offenders mature, their offending rates decline (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 43). Regardless of sex, race, social class, or intelligence, people commit less crime as they age.The aging-out process is referred to as spontaneous remission. According to this process, even the most continuing juvenile offenders will commit less crime as they age. There are a number of reasons as to why the aging-out process occurs. First of all growing older means that the offenders have to face the future. Secondly, with maturity comes the ability to resist the temptation to commit crimes as a quick fix solution. Some juveniles may turn to crime as a way to solve loneliness, problems with adolescence, frustration, and the fear of being rejected by peers (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 44).As the juvenile matures, more options become available to help solve these problems. Personalities can also change with age. Youth that were more rebellious as youngsters, may eventually develop increased self-control and be able to resist delinquent behaviors. Young adults become more aware of the risks and consequences that accompany crime. â€Å"As adults, they are no longer protected by the kindly arms of the juvenile justice system† (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 44). Early Efforts at Diversion â€Å"Efforts to divert children from normal criminal justice processing have a long history† (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 60). The development of routine diversion strategies and specialized diversion programs has significantly increased during the past twenty years. In order to regulate the number of diversionary responses available to communiti es, the commission proposed the establishment of youth services bureaus (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 161). The bureaus were intended to assist existing community agencies that dealt with juveniles in coordinating programs and services for both delinquent and non-delinquent youth (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 161).They were also intended to serve as an alternative to juvenile court processing, allowing hundreds of thousands of juveniles to be diverted from the formal juvenile justice process each year (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 161). The Effectiveness of Diversion Diversion Strategies and Programs uphold that such programs decrease the number of juveniles involved in the formal juvenile justice process (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 173). These programs are believed to reduce offending youths who receive diversionary treatment, minimize formal intervention, and are more cost-effective that formal processing (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 73). However, some evaluation studies have found that they fall short of their goals often. Some evaluation studies indicate that diversion programs can reduce recidivism or are at least as effective as formal processing (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 173). It is possible that diversion programs may deny juveniles due process. Diversion may be compulsive and consist of intrusive interventions, and possibly, the youth’s family may be required to participate. Coercion is problematic and all levels of the juvenile justice process (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 173).Research on diversion, in sum, has produced mixed results (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 174). â€Å"There are a number of problems that have been associated with diversion programs, but despite these problems diversion appears to have some merit† (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 174). Decriminalization Societal Reaction advocates point out that the criminalization of some behaviors often produces more harm than it does good. Behaviors such as running away and not attending school are objectionable in ma ny cases, but treating them as crimes does not always benefit the juvenile (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 65). Treating truants and runaways as juvenile offenders is expensive and ineffective. As a result, the societal reaction theorists leaned more towards the deinstitutionalization of status offenses (Elrod ; Ryder, 1999, p. 165). Prevention and Intervention With the important role family’s play in the socialization of children, several programs have been implemented to prevent family contribution to delinquency or to intervene once a problem has been realized (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 42).Years of program evaluations have produced a number of effective family-based prevention programs such as parent training on appropriate and effective child-rearing (Siegel, Welsh, ; Senna, 2003, p. 42). Conclusion According to the research conducted, family impact is wrong: parental absence is not importantly related to juvenile delinquency. Family interactions have greater influence o n delinquency. Children reared by competent, affectionate parents who avoid using physical forms of punishment are unlikely to commit serious crimes either as juveniles or as adults.On the other hand, children reared by parents who neglect or reject them are likely to be greatly influenced by their community environments, which may offer opportunities and encouragement for criminal behavior. Bibliography Shoemaker, Donald J. (2010). Theories of Delinquency: An Examination of Explanations of Delinquent Behavior 6th Edition. Whitehead, John T. , ; Lab, Steven P. (1998). Juvenile Justice: An Introduction 3rd Edition. Seigel, Larry J. , Welsh, Brandon C. , ; Senna, Joseph J. (2002). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and LawGreen, Helen Taylor, ; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2009) Family and Delinquency: Encyclopedia of Race and Crime. Spohn, Ryan E. , ; Kurtz, Don L. (2011). Family Structure as a Social Context for Family Conflict: Unjust Strain and Serious Delinquency. Schroeder, Ryan D. , Osgood, Aurea K. , ; Oghia, Michael J. (2010). Family Transitions and Juvenile Justice. Elrod, Preston, ; Ryder, Scott A. (2005). Juvenile Justice: A Social, Historical, and Legal Perspective 2nd Edition. Burfiend, James W. , ; Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum. 2010). Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach, Second Edition Kierkus, Christopher A. , ; Baer, Douglas. (2003). Does the Relationship Between Family Structure and Delinquency Vary According to Circumstances? An Investigation of Interaction Effects 1. Canadian Journal if Criminology and Criminal Justice (405-429). Leiber, Michael J. , Mack, Kristin Y. , ; Featherstone, Richard A. (2008). Family Structure, Family Processes, Economics, and Delinquency: Similarities and Differences by Race and Ethnicity.

Historical and non

Historical and non Among the problems concerning education and all the issues connected with it, one can single out two basic types of problems. The first one embraces the issues which each generation encounters, no matter how far the progress has stepped, whereas the second type of problems is, vice versa, closely interconnected with the complexities of the epoch.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Historical and non-Historical Issues in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the former, such everlasting issues as cheating during test can be taken as an example; as for the latter, one of the current problems of the modern education is the price which students have to pay for it. Choosing the article which deserves being discussed widely and published in the journal, it is necessary to evaluate each of the issues. Dealing with the problem of the increasing costs for studying, the article describes the state of students who are forced to work and study at the same time in the most impressive way. Thus, the article reveals important social problems brewing in the modern society since the time when higher education has become the major asset of employees. As Martin marks, Unfortunately, the decline in student quality is accompanied by costs that are out of control, a governance system that will not permit any reallocation of resources, and a society that expects higher education to address problems that are well beyond its core competencies.† (Martin 262) Thus, it can be considered that the given article deals with an issue of paramount importance for modern students. However, it must be admitted that the given article does not suggest any way out of the problem – it merely enumerates the difficulties connected with high costs for education and defines the goals of higher education. Compared to the abovementioned article, the second one deals with the subject of lesser social tenseness. Yet the issue of the given article has raised debates since the very foundation of the educational system of the country. As you might have already guessed, the conversation touches upon the problem of cheating at exams. Old as the hills, the problem is considered both from the psychological and the practical point of view in the article. One of the most valuable features of the article is the fact that the author is not moralizing, but merely explains the consequences of cheating.Advertising Looking for article on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using cribs during exams, students fool themselves first, the author explains. Choosing between the wish to know the subject better and to get a good mark, one must follow the common sense, not the desire to pass the exam and forget everything one has been taught. As Davis mentioned, â€Å"Certainly the stresses and pressures for good grades have not diminished during t he past several decades.† (71) It is also essential that the author tries to make students think of their future professional career and their professional authority. The author also emphasizes the moral aspect, driving an example of a doctor who used to cheat during his examinations. Thus, calling the readers to think of their future jobs and professional ethics, the author creates a vision of studying without cheating. Summarizing the effect produced by both of the articles, one could say that each of them is a valuable study in the sphere of education, yet each touching upon absolutely different issues. In spite of the fact that the abovementioned aspects of studying are both worth serious considerations, it is obvious that the first article deals with the issue demanding urgent solution. Both bearing social significance and enhancing positive changes in the sphere of education, it deserves publishing most. Once people recognize the financial problem of education, they will be able to contribute to its solution, whereas the problem of cheating is far too old to be solved in a blink of an eye. Davis, Stephen F., et al. Cheating in School: What we Know and What We Can Do.  New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Print. Martin, Edward Robert. Cost Control, College Access, and Competition in Higher  Education. Camberley, UK: Edward Edgar Publishing, 2005. Print.

Essay on Animal Farm

Essay on Animal Farm Essay on Animal Farm James Williams Mrs. Henslee Period: 2 11-28-2014 Sparknotes Report: Animal Farm Animal Farm by George Orwell is about the oppression and disgruntled feelings of the animals on a farm. Old Major, a boar, gathers the animals in the barn for a meeting. He tells them of a dream he had where all animals lived together with no humans to oppress them. He tells the animals they must work together for his dream to be fulfilled. Unfortunately, three nights later he dies. Three pigs, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer, take over for him and formulate Old Majors principles into Animalism. Late one night, the animals defeat the farmer, Mr. Jones, in a battle, running him off the farm. They then rename the property Animal Farm and work to achieve Old Major’s dream. In the beginning, Animal Farm is prosperous. Snowball begins teaching the animals how to read and Napoleon teaches a group of young puppies about Animalism. Mr. Jones returns to take back the farm but the animals are able to defeat him once again. However, as time goes on, Snowba ll and Napoleon quarrel over how the farm will be run in the future and struggle for power over the other animals. Snowball concocts a plan to build an electric-generated windmill but Napoleon opposes the plan. During a speech, the puppies Napoleon took to â€Å"educate† burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon then takes complete control of the farm and tells the animals he is in control. Napoleon then decides it is a good idea to build a windmill and the animals devote their time to completing the windmill. However, after a storm the windmill is destroyed. Napoleon blames Snowball and says he sabotaged the windmill. Napoleon then rounds up all the animals that supposedly participated in Snowball’s conspiracy and sentence them to death at the teeth of the attack dogs. Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of timber and destroys the windmill with dynamite. A battle then ensues and the animals rout the farmers. Howeve r, Boxer, a hardworking carthorse, is gravely injured and Napoleon sells him to a glue maker in order to get more money for whisky. As the years go by, the pigs start acting more and more like humans. Animalism rules and â€Å"commandments† are thrown away and one rule remains which reads, â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† Napoleon changes the farm name back to Manor Farm claiming this name is the â€Å"correct† name. Looking through the farmhouse window, the common animals can’t tell which ones are pigs and which ones are the humans. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a novelist whose criticisms of political oppression brought him fame toward the middle of the twentieth century. He was born in 1903 in India to a British colonist. Orwell received an education at different private schools but his experiences with snobbishness at these schools made him suspicious of the class system in English society. He spoke openly against the excess of governments in both the east and west and began fighting for the socialist cause. His main novel, Animal Farm, was written to show people the oppression that dictators bring into a country. Orwell died on January 21, 1950 in a London hospital. The time of Animal Farm is largely unidentified throughout the novel. However, it is assumed that Orwell meant the story to be based on the satire of the Russian Revolution.

Does the process of Globalization help or hinder wealth creation in Essay

Does the process of Globalization help or hinder wealth creation in developing countries - Essay Example This is a group that favours activities of by such international institution as the World Bank, IMF and WTO that are seen as creating a level ground for all countries in the world to take part in international trade. However, there is an opposing group of critics of globalization that asserts developed countries have had an unprecedented benefits compared to developing countries. This essay explores how globalization has contributed to the process of wealth creation in developing world by analysis arguments by both proponents and opponents of globalization in order to determine whether globalization has helped or hindered wealth creation. There are a number of areas in which proponents of globalization argue that developing counties have benefited due to wealth creation accrued from doing business with other countries and multinationals. Due to the interconnectedness of the global economy, demand has been created for goods from developing countries therefore increasing the volume of trade. The increased trade has benefited the Newly Industrialized Economies from Asia that have been able to export their manufactured goods. These countries started off as developing countries but it is the access to international markets that resulted creation of wealth from capital inflow into their economies resulting in economic growth. The wealth created from international business has been used to reduce poverty levels by contributing to welfare state in these countries (Lechner, 2009). The level of knowledge and technological exchange that has been brought about by globalization is also an aspect emphasised by proponents of globalization. It is argued by proponents that the benefits of globalization to developing countries are not only in the area of direct foreign investments but the phenomenon has also led to the sharing of technical innovation between developed and

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP - Essay Example If IP works so well, why a need is felt to change The primary motivation for change arises from the limited address space. When IP was defined, only a few compute networks existed. The designers decided to use 32 bits for an IP address because doing so allowed the Internet to include over a million networks. However, with a rapid exponential growth in the global Internet, the primary motivation for defining a new version of IP arose from the address space limitation, as larger addresses are necessary to accommodate continued growth of the Internet. Besides addressing, the most common problems faced by the TCP/IP were routing and connectivity issues. Secondary motivations for changes in IP have risen from new Internet applications. For example, applications that deliver audio and video need to deliver data at regular intervals. To keep such information flowing through the Internet without disruption, IP must avoid changing routes frequently. Although the current IP datagram header includes a field that can be used to request a type of service, the protocol did not define a type of service that can be used for real-time delivery of audio and video. New applications are being developed that require more complex addressing and routing capabilities. Thus, a new version of IP needs to include mechanisms that make addressing and routing possible. (Douglas) The current version of IP, which possesses the main drawback of address space, routing and connectivity, is version 4 so it is referred to as Ipv4. Ipv6 is the official name of IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) Features of Ipv4 and Ipv6 1. Connectionless - each datagram contains a destination address, and each datagram is routed independently. 2. The header in a datagram contains a maximum number of hops the datagram can take before being discarded. 3. Ipv4 places key information in fixed fields of the header and only appends variable-length options for less important information while Ipv6 header is always of variable size. (Douglas) Reasons for changing Ipv4 to Ipv6 Larger and better Network management of Address Space: The most considerable reason for the decision of changing from Ipv4 to Ipv6 is the smooth management of the IPv6 network. As the answer to the lack of address space, IPv6 holds a potential for a network the size of which has never been seen before. The manner in which the network is managed will to a great extent determine whether this huge network will function. The main objectives, which are visualized in network management, would be: 1. Display the distinct hierarchy embedded in the IPv6 address architecture, 2. Show topographical data simultaneously to the hierarchy, 3. Make peripheral data easily available, and 4. In doing so, aid in the process of network management. Ipv6 research and ideology basically revolves around network management. This is because most of the problems in IPv4, which IPv6 is created to